This may be the first time you have heard of Beijing Hangxin Jiahe Technology Company. An archived copy of its company description from 2019 follows. The description is long, unusually direct, and worth reading in full. It captures in one place the platform logic that Part Three of this series will trace across many separate cases: Military-Civil Fusion, Industrial Internet coordination, supply-chain data analysis, private-enterprise participation in national defense construction, research commercialization, and the dual-use market.

The China Industrial Cloud Network, financed and developed by the Beijing Hangxin Jiahe Technology Company, stands as a leading domestic platform for collaborative innovation and commercialization of supply-chain big data in the field of Military-Civil Fusion and the Industrial Internet. Our platform is designed to align with the National Military-Civil Fusion Development Strategy and the Made in China 2025 initiative. Our core positioning and key service highlights include: Breaking Down Information Barriers — By aggregating defense industry products, manufacturers, technical standards, research achievements, and supply-and-demand information, we address the information asymmetry faced by private enterprises seeking to participate in national defense construction; Supply-Chain Big Data — By classifying companies within the defense industry, we provide defense industry departments with precise data services, including information on eligible manufacturers, their locations, and upstream and downstream suppliers; Research Commercialization and Innovation  — Committed to the digitalized construction of the New Aerospace Supply Chain and the provision of comprehensive services, we facilitate the commercialization of high-level scientific and technological achievements from universities and research institutions, and drive the expansion of the military-civil dual-use market.

“About Our Company,” Beijing Hangxin Jiahe Technology Company website, accessed April 25, 2019.1

In this description, Military-Civil Fusion is no longer an abstract policy goal. It becomes an Industrial Internet platform service model: aggregate defense industry information, classify suppliers, match private firms to national defense needs, commercialize research, and expand the dual-use market.

By the late 2010s, China’s Industrial Internet was no longer only a policy concept or a set of early enterprise experiments. It was becoming a field of platform construction — including inside the National Defense Science and Technology Industry.

That is the “Hundred Schools” phase — borrowing the phrase used in Chinese Industrial Internet discussions to describe a crowded platform field in which many approaches, providers, and application models emerged at once.2 After the State Council elevated the Industrial Internet in 2017, and MIIT moved it into implementation in 2018, multiple actors began building platforms for different sectors, regions, enterprises, and industrial problems. Some were broad public-service platforms. Some served state-owned enterprises. Some focused on shipbuilding, aerospace, industrial software, equipment security, supply-chain data, or Military-Civil Fusion services.

Part Three does not argue that every Industrial Internet platform was military. It argues something more specific: defense industry actors and Military-Civil Fusion service providers were active inside the platform boom. Their platforms show how the Industrial Internet could make defense-relevant resources more visible, searchable, matchable, and usable across organizational boundaries.

Article Roadmap

This essay is the third part in a five-part series that examines the historical linkages between the Military-Civil Fusion Development Strategy and the buildout of the Industrial Internet in the period from 2015 to 2020.

Part One established the strategic and conceptual foundation for the series. The core takeaways are that the formally titled Military-Civil Fusion Development Strategy is not simply China’s version of civil-military integration, but a whole-of-nation effort to fuse innovation, industry, and capability across the full range of military and civilian domains. Also important, the Industrial Internet offers the operating architecture for making that ambition systemic. This foundation is essential for understanding the documentary trail in Part Two linking Military-Civil Fusion to the Industrial Internet.

Part Two turned from concept to evidence by tracing the public documentary record linking the Military-Civil Fusion Development Strategy to the Industrial Internet. The core takeaways are that Military-Civil Fusion and the Industrial Internet were interconnected in central policy guidance by late 2017. Also important, the evidence was public, but widely dispersed, so it was easy to miss. This documentary trail is essential for understanding the Part Three examination of defense industry platform development.

Part Three moves from documentary evidence to platform cases by examining defense industry participation in Industrial Internet platform development. The core takeaways are that defense industry actors and Military-Civil Fusion service providers were active inside China’s Industrial Internet platform boom. Also important, these platforms show how Military-Civil Fusion could become a service model for making defense-relevant resources more visible, searchable, matchable, and usable across organizational boundaries. This platform evidence is essential for understanding the Part Four examination of the Industrial Internet as an industrial dual-use ecosystem.

This roadmap covers Part Three only. The following list gives the twelve sections of Part Three:

The complete five-part series will establish a historical baseline. Once that baseline is in place, future essays will dive deeper into the 2015–2020 period and separately examine accelerating developments in technology and policy from 2021 to the present.

1. The “Hundred Schools” Phase: Defense Industry Platforms Multiply

Riding the crest of the wave, the Industrial Internet has rapidly transitioned from the stage of conceptual popularization to a stage of practical implementation — a vibrant era characterized by a Hundred Schools of Thought Contending.

“From Concept Popularization to a Hundred Schools of Thought Contending: The Industrial Internet in the Center of the Spotlight,” Sichuan Provincial Department of Economy and Information Technology, April 10, 2020.3

The “Hundred Schools” phase turned the Industrial Internet from a policy concept into a crowded field of platforms, providers, and defense-relevant applications.

By the late 2010s, China’s Industrial Internet was no longer only a policy concept or a set of early enterprise experiments. It was becoming a field of platform construction. Chinese sources described this period as a shift from concept popularization to a “Hundred Schools of Thought Contending” — moving from asking what the Industrial Internet was to asking how to build it, connect it, scale it, and make it useful across industries.

The “Hundred Schools” phase was not simply a burst of commercial enthusiasm. It was a period in which many different platform forms appeared at once: enterprise platforms, regional industrial clouds, industry platforms, public service platforms, central-enterprise convergence platforms, supply-chain data platforms, safety-production platforms, knowledge platforms, and sectoral platforms. Some were broad cloud-manufacturing ecosystems. Some were designed for industrial-chain coordination. Some focused on data, security, matching, or production management. Some involved defense industry actors directly.

This is where the argument sharpens.

If Military-Civil Fusion changed form, the Industrial Internet is one of the places where that change becomes visible. It did not always appear as a label. It appeared as platforms.

The next question is whether this platform proliferation remained scattered, or whether it began to take on a more organized architecture.

2. From Platform Proliferation to Platform Architecture

Even when basic technological prerequisites are met, significant optimization work remains to be done to fully satisfy the demands of the Industrial Internet — specifically, the fusion of Information Technology (IT) with Operational Technology (OT).

Wu Hequan, Former Vice President and Academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, “Understanding the Industrial Internet,” People’s Weekly, May 22, 2019.4

Industrial Internet platforms were not just websites or cloud services; they were mechanisms for connecting industrial resources, data, applications, and capabilities across organizational boundaries.

The Alliance of the Industrial Internet’s 2017 Industrial Internet Platform White Paper provides a useful starting point.5 It described the Industrial Internet platform as the hub connecting all industrial factors and the core mechanism for allocating industrial resources. It also called the Industrial Internet platform the “operating system” of the new industrial system.

That formulation moves the discussion away from individual firms and toward architecture. A platform is not only a website, software product, or cloud service. In the Industrial Internet context, it is a mechanism for connecting equipment, production lines, enterprises, suppliers, products, customers, industrial knowledge, data, applications, and services. It is a way to make industrial resources visible, usable, searchable, matchable, and optimizable.

The same white paper described Industrial Internet platforms through three core layers: the edge layer, the platform layer, also called Industrial Platform as a Service, or PaaS, and the application layer. It also identified multiple development paths, including platforms built by equipment and automation enterprises, leading manufacturing enterprises, industrial software enterprises, and information technology enterprises. This diversity helps explain why the “Hundred Schools” phase is so important. China’s Industrial Internet was not moving along one path. It was experimenting with many.

For this article, the key question is narrower: where did defense industry participation appear inside that platform field?

The answer is: in more places than one. The first and most important case is CASICloud, where aerospace systems engineering moved directly into Industrial Internet platform construction.

3. CASICloud: From Aerospace Systems Engineering to Industrial Internet Platform

As the nation’s first Industrial Internet platform, CASICloud has reached million-level user coverage, but compared to the national total of tens of millions of enterprises, this remains merely the tip of the iceberg.

“From Concept Popularization to a Hundred Schools of Thought Contending: The Industrial Internet in the Center of the Spotlight,” Sichuan Provincial Department of Economy and Information Technology, April 10, 2020.6

CASICloud was not simply China’s first Industrial Internet platform; it was an aerospace systems-engineering model converted into platform architecture.

CASICloud is the central case. It was launched by China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation, one of China’s major defense industry conglomerates, and Chinese sources repeatedly describe it as China’s first Industrial Internet platform.7 But CASICloud did not emerge from a generic commercial-cloud background. It grew out of CASIC’s experience in aerospace systems engineering, cloud manufacturing, collaborative R&D, cloud simulation, and the coordination of complex defense industry projects. A later retrospective account traced CASICloud’s roots to CASIC’s experience in large-scale aerospace development and production, including the need to coordinate many units, specialties, and technologies across complex projects.8

That background helps explain why CASICloud is so important to this article. It shows how systems-engineering experience from the defense industry could be converted into broader Industrial Internet platform capability. In CASIC’s case, the platform did not simply digitalize an existing enterprise. It translated experience managing complex aerospace-industrial systems into a platform model for connecting resources, capabilities, data, applications, and users across a wider industrial field.

The timeline is striking. CASICloud Technology Development Co., Ltd. was established in May 2015. CASICloud formally went online in June 2015. In December 2015, CASICloud International Cloud went online and began moving into the international market. The platform first served CASIC’s internal “Digital Aerospace” strategy before expanding into public-service, regional, industry, park, enterprise, government-facing, and international functions.9

In June 2017, CASIC formally released INDICS, the Industrial Intelligent Cloud System, as an Industrial Internet cloud platform. A SASTIND-hosted CASIC notice described INDICS as providing public services for intelligent manufacturing, collaborative manufacturing, and cloud manufacturing. It also emphasized a full IaaS, DaaS, PaaS, and SaaS service stack;10 support for industrial equipment access; integration of industrial applications; ecosystem construction; and a comprehensive security assurance system covering equipment security, network security, control security, application security, data security, and commercial security.11

By 2018, CASICloud’s scale was already being described in global terms. China Daily reported that the platform had nearly 1.7 million users from 179 countries and regions, connected around 900,000 computers and machines, collected data from nearly 1.4 million pieces of equipment, and supported more than 210 billion yuan in signed contracts. The same report connected CASIC’s platform advantage to its experience in industrial manufacturing, information technology, and the development and production of space equipment.12

CASICloud’s business structure, shown in a 2020 fifth-anniversary graphic by China Space News.13 The service map shows 18 domestic service nodes and one international node in Frankfurt, Germany, illustrating how CASICloud expanded from CASIC’s internal “Digital Aerospace” strategy into a broader Industrial Internet platform with regional, enterprise, public-service, and international functions. According to a June 2019 China Daily report, CASICloud also launched international platforms in English, Russian, Spanish, and French that catered in particular to countries and regions along One Belt One Road.14

CASICloud shows more than early platform experimentation. It shows a defense industry conglomerate translating aerospace systems-engineering experience into an Industrial Internet platform with domestic, industrial-chain, and international reach.

4. The “Aerospace Solution” Becomes New Type Infrastructure

As New Type Infrastructure underpinning the operation of the industrial economy, the Industrial Internet has already become a strategic national asset.

“AII Members in Action | CASICloud: Accelerating Industrial Internet Investment and Construction as New Type Infrastructure to Drive Development of the Manufacturing Sector,” Alliance of the Industrial Internet, May 12, 2020.15 

A platform built by a major defense industry conglomerate from aerospace-industrial experience was reframed as secure, controllable New Type Infrastructure for China’s broader digital-industrial system.

By 2020, CASICloud was being presented not only as an early Industrial Internet platform, but also as New Type Infrastructure. An Alliance of the Industrial Internet case study described CASICloud as building an Industrial Intelligence Cloud System (INDICS) + Cloud Manufacturing Support System (CMSS) platform rooted in CASIC’s experience with high-end complex aerospace products and organized around “full system, full lifecycle, full industrial chain” and “cross-industry, cross-domain, cross-region” capabilities.16

CASICloud was no longer only a defense-conglomerate platform built from aerospace-industrial experience. It was being positioned as infrastructure for matching demand, coordinating production, connecting equipment, collecting industrial data, supporting small enterprises, and expanding platform services across sectors, regions, and users.

The same source framed CASICloud’s mission in explicitly national terms. CASICloud, it said, upheld the mission and responsibility that “national interests are above all,” building a secure and controllable Industrial Internet platform with independent intellectual property rights to comprehensively support and serve national strategy and safeguard national manufacturing sovereignty.17

This is not ordinary enterprise-software language. It places CASICloud inside national strategy, manufacturing sovereignty, secure and controllable infrastructure, and the construction of a platform ecosystem.

The case study also described a multi-level platform system: INDICS as the general platform, with national key platforms, regional platforms, industry platforms, professional platforms, and enterprise platforms as application platforms. That helps explain why CASICloud appears in so many different places in the record: inside CASIC, across regional industrial clouds, in central-SOE integration, in international promotion, and in industrial-data and application services.

A regional example is Guizhou Industrial Cloud. A later retrospective account states that CASICloud established Guizhou CASICloud Technology Co., Ltd. in December 2015 and, relying on the INDICS platform, helped the Guizhou provincial government build the Guizhou Industrial Cloud Platform.

A 2019 English-language description then shows the regional-cloud model in practice: integrating province-wide industrial support needs and capabilities through “Internet + collaborative manufacturing,” cloud manufacturing, the Internet of Things, and big-data technologies.18

CASICloud’s architecture was not confined to production inside the defense industry. It was being extended into regional economic coordination, SME support, industrial-chain services, and local digital transformation. That is why the New Type Infrastructure framing is important: it shows CASICloud moving from a platform created by a defense conglomerate toward a broader infrastructure role inside China’s digital-industrial system.

5. Inside CASICloud: State Secrets, Commercial Secrets, and the Internal Platform Function

CASICloud has established a proprietary internal version of the INDICS platform for CASIC networks handling state secrets and commercial secrets.

“AII Members in Action | CASICloud: Accelerating Industrial Internet Investment and Construction as New Type Infrastructure to Drive Development of the Manufacturing Sector,” Alliance of the Industrial Internet, May 12, 2020.19

CASICloud was not only an outward-facing Industrial Internet platform; it also served as an internal operating architecture for coordinating security, resources, capabilities, production, and lifecycle management inside CASIC.

The outward-facing platform story is only part of the picture. CASICloud also had an internal defense industry function. The 2020 Alliance of the Industrial Internet case study states that CASICloud built a dedicated internal INDICS platform inside CASIC’s state-secret and commercial-secret networks. Below, that platform connected CASIC’s R&D, manufacturing, service capabilities, and professional equipment. Above, it provided applications for collaborative supply chain, collaborative R&D, collaborative production, intelligent services, intelligent control, resource sharing, and ecosystem services.

The same source reports that CASIC’s internal collaborative shared-manufacturing platform:

…spans over 600 units of CASIC across more than 30 provinces and municipalities, boasting over 50,000 active users. It has listed more than 2,600 specialized capabilities across 31 categories, registered over 20,000 shareable facilities and pieces of equipment for sharing or lease, and connected over 5,500 sets of equipment online. Additionally, it hosts 83.1 TB of knowledge resources — including intellectual property, standards, and professional literature — and 36 software assets. The platform has facilitated the posting of manufacturing resource and capability requirements totaling 149.8 billion yuan, with completed transactions amounting to 64.68 billion yuan. It has established an initial internal industrial collaboration ecosystem for CASIC, increasing resource utilization by 40% and boosting production efficiency by 30% through services that enable collaborative design across research institutes and collaborative production across different units.20

This is one of the clearest examples of platform-based coordination inside a major defense industry conglomerate. CASICloud’s public Industrial Internet function was matched by an internal platform function operating inside state-secret and commercial-secret networks: security, resource sharing, capability coordination, collaborative production, and lifecycle management inside CASIC.

That is the operating-architecture point in concrete form.

6. COVID-19, SASTIND, and Production Support Under Wartime Conditions

CASICloud… is cooperating with the State Administration of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense (SASTIND) to build an interlocked protection system for wartime conditions, ensuring the ability to anticipate risks and rapidly organize production should similar situations arise in the future.

“CASICloud Fifth Anniversary | Seize the Forefront of the Era, Lead Industry Development, Deeply Cultivate the Industrial Internet,” China Space News, June 14, 2020.21

CASICloud’s pandemic-response work showed how Industrial Internet tools could support supply-chain analysis, production coordination, and contingency production planning.

COVID-19 created a real-world test case for China’s digital-industrial and mobilization systems. In a 2020 analysis, I argued that Chinese military and civilian commentary treated the pandemic as a “war without smoke,” an opportunity to accelerate digital transformation, test defense mobilization, and draw lessons for future crisis response and informatized local wars. Similarly, CASICloud’s pandemic-response work was not described only as emergency business support. It was also connected to supply-chain coordination, production organization, and future contingency planning.22

In June 2020, China Space News, an aerospace-sector newspaper published by the China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation (CASC), posted an online article celebrating the fifth anniversary of CASICloud. The article described CASICloud using Industrial Internet tools to support pandemic response, enterprise resumption of work and production, and supply-chain coordination. It then described three lines of follow-on work: cooperation with MIIT on industrial-chain breakpoints and bottlenecks; cooperation with the State-Owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission (SASAC) on industrial-chain analysis and state-owned enterprise production organization; and cooperation with SASTIND to build an interlocked protection system for wartime conditions.23

The reference to “similar (wartime) situations” appears in the context of COVID-19. The source does not support describing CASICloud as a wartime platform. It supports a narrower and more important point: after COVID-19 demonstrated the value of Industrial Internet tools for supply-chain analysis, production coordination, and emergency response, CASICloud described cooperation with SASTIND to build a wartime-condition production-support function.

The stated purpose was functional: advance judgment, interlocked protection, and rapid organization of production in a future emergency. That is significant.

CASICloud’s Industrial Internet capabilities were being discussed not only in terms of enterprise digitalization or market efficiency, but also in relation to contingency production, supply-chain protection, and defense industry mobilization logic.

7. Central SOE Platform: From Platform Proliferation to Platform Consolidation

The Central SOE Industrial Internet Convergence Platform is dedicated to pooling the Industrial Internet resources from central enterprises, aiming to build an ecosystem for the fused development of the Industrial Internet… and to develop industrial chain ecosystems.

“2019 World Industrial Internet Conference Launches Central Enterprise Industrial Internet Convergence Platform,” China Daily, June 16, 2019.24

The “Hundred Schools” phase produced more than platform proliferation. It also produced efforts to consolidate platforms, resources, applications, and data across central state-owned enterprises.

In June 2019, China launched the Industrial Internet Convergence Platform for Central State-Owned Enterprises (SOE) at the International Conference on Industrial Internet in Chengdu. An English-language report described the platform as a key infrastructure system for intercommunication, resource sharing, and co-development among central SOEs. CASIC was identified as the platform’s leading developer, and the platform was built under SASAC guidance and coordination.25

The significance is straightforward. The Industrial Internet was no longer only a field of competing enterprise platforms. It was also becoming a mechanism for central-enterprise coordination.

Launch materials identified 28 original members of the Central SOE Industrial Internet Convergence Platform.26 A separate Global Times report referred to 289 participating central-enterprise-related units or organizations, though the figure appears inconsistent with the 28-member launch list shown in later materials.27 Of the 28 original members, at least five were major defense industry central enterprises: CASIC, CASC, China State Shipbuilding Corporation (CSSC), China Electronic Technology Group Corporation (CETC), and the Aero Engine Corporation of China (AECC). China Electronics Corporation also appeared in the list, adding another defense-relevant electronics and information-technology actor. The platform therefore was not simply a general SOE coordination mechanism led by CASIC. Defense-industry enterprises were visible in its original member structure.

The upper photograph shows the June 2019 launch ceremony for the Industrial Internet Convergence Platform for Central State-Owned Enterprises.28 Defense-industry conglomerate logos visible on the backscreen include AECC, CETC, CASIC, and CASC. The lower image lists the platform’s 28 original members.29

A 2020 Alliance of the Industrial Internet case study described the Central Enterprise Industrial Internet Convergence Platform as the “platform of platforms” for the Industrial Internet within the central-enterprise sector. It serves as a “supermarket” aggregating central enterprises, and an enabling platform for the converged development of large, medium, and small enterprises. Its operating logic was “resource convergence, application convergence, and data convergence” across factors of production, industries, domains, regions, and platforms.30

This is another way Military-Civil Fusion changed form. It did not always appear as an explicit label. It appeared as defense industry central enterprises participating in platform-consolidation mechanisms designed to connect industrial resources, applications, and data across the national Industrial Internet.

8. CSSC Smart-IC: Shipbuilding Enters the Platform Field

Shipbuilding enterprises like Huangpu Wenchong Shipbuilding have leveraged the Industrial Internet to create exemplary scenarios such as collaborative optimization across the shipbuilding industrial chain… ultimately facilitating the concurrent execution of R&D, design, and manufacturing across different regions and enterprises.

“Industrial Internet System Architecture (Version 2.0),” Alliance of the Industrial Internet, April 2020.31

CSSC’s Smart-IC case shows shipbuilding entering the Industrial Internet platform field early, bringing lifecycle data, industrial-chain coordination, and cross-enterprise collaboration into a defense-relevant sector.

CASICloud was the most visible early example, but it was not the only defense-relevant platform. The Alliance of the Industrial Internet’s 2017 Industrial Internet Platform White Paper included a CSSC shipbuilding case: the Shipbuilding Industry Intelligent Operations Platform.32 The white paper described the platform as supporting R&D design collaboration, full production-process control optimization, supply-chain collaboration, industrial knowledge bases, knowledge sharing and trading, ship intelligent operations, and industrial-chain finance.

The same case emphasized the distinctive problems of shipbuilding: long design and manufacturing cycles, large and complex products, long industrial chains, many participating enterprises, and insufficient coordination across the chain. The platform was presented as a way to accumulate process, manufacturing, operations, and maintenance data; feed data back into design; and support cross-enterprise management of large-product design and manufacturing.

The 2017 white paper presents the CSSC shipbuilding platform as an early sectoral platform case, not merely as an abstract concept. But by itself, the white paper does not prove full operational deployment at scale. Its importance is that it shows shipbuilding already being treated as a platform problem: how to connect data, design, production, suppliers, operations, maintenance, knowledge, finance, and industrial-chain coordination around large, complex products.

An image of the CSSC platform architecture provided in the 2017 white paper shows why the shipbuilding case deserves attention. It was not presented simply as a website or management tool. The diagram describes a layered Industrial Internet platform linking local industrial equipment, IoT collection systems, cloud infrastructure, industrial data services, product-model data exchange, industrial knowledge bases, blockchain, artificial intelligence algorithms, and shipbuilding big-data analysis. For shipbuilding, the Industrial Internet was already being imagined as a full-stack architecture for connecting equipment, data, design, production, supply chains, knowledge, security, and lifecycle operations.33

By 2020, the Alliance of the Industrial Internet’s Industrial Internet System Architecture 2.0 treated shipbuilding as an industrial-chain collaborative optimization scenario. It described Industrial Internet applications supporting real-time sharing and collaboration among shipowners, classification societies, design institutes, shipyards, and supporting manufacturers across planning, production progress, resource capacity, logistics, and quality control.34

One of the strongest phrases in Industrial Internet System Architecture 2.0 is “platform of platforms.”35 In the shipbuilding implementation framework, the industry collaborative platform is deployed at the industry layer and becomes a platform of platforms among shipyards, main engine manufacturers, suppliers, and research institutes. The platform system takes “product model + data” as its core.

That language shows shipbuilding moving from an early sectoral platform case toward a larger architecture of lifecycle data, industrial-chain coordination, and cross-enterprise collaboration. It also helps explain why shipbuilding later becomes such an important defense-relevant Industrial Internet sector.

The Industrial Internet System Architecture 2.0 diagram titled “Functional View of the Collaborative Optimization Scenario Platform for the Shipbuilding Industry Chain” was published in both Chinese and English, a reminder that the MIIT-led Alliance of the Industrial Internet includes both domestic and foreign members.

A 2020 Deloitte Research Report on the Investment Environment of Huangpu District, Guangzhou provides a local implementation signal.36 It placed CSSC’s Smart-IC alongside CASICloud and Ali Feilonglink as national Industrial Internet platforms under construction in Guangzhou Science City. The same passage noted Huangpu’s promotion of a national-level Industrial Internet identifier-resolution node and planned access to 25 secondary nodes, including Huangpu Shipyard Offshore Engineering.

The Deloitte report is also useful because it places CSSC Smart-IC inside Huangpu’s broader digital-economy and intelligent-equipment strategy, where AI, the Industrial Internet, intelligent manufacturing, and New Type Infrastructure were already being discussed together. The source does not prove that CSSC Smart-IC itself was operating as an AI platform. But it does show that shipbuilding-related Industrial Internet infrastructure was being promoted inside an AI-forward regional industrial strategy.

For this article, the significance is not the investment-promotion framing. It is the arc. The 2017 white paper treated shipbuilding as an early Industrial Internet platform case. The 2020 Industrial Internet System Architecture 2.0 report treated shipbuilding as a reference scenario for industrial-chain collaborative optimization. The Deloitte report described CSSC Smart-IC as a national Industrial Internet platform under construction in Guangzhou Science City. Taken together, these sources show shipbuilding as a defense-relevant sector where Industrial Internet architecture began to take shape.

9. SYSWARE: Industrial Knowledge as Platform Capability

Industrial Internet platforms are fostering the creation of diverse knowledge, tool, and model libraries that span numerous fields, thereby facilitating the continuous reuse of existing knowledge and the generation of new insights. This approach allows industrial expertise — previously scattered across different enterprises, systems, and individuals — to be effectively captured and consolidated, and subsequently shared among a wider range of enterprises through a platform’s open functionalities and service interfaces. For instance, the SYSWARE Industrial Internet Platform has integrated various forms of knowledge, expertise, industrial mechanisms, and algorithmic models by developing unified engineering middleware. To date, it has established hundreds of industrial knowledge libraries — containing over five million knowledge entries — across industries such as aviation, aerospace, shipbuilding, ordnance, nuclear, and electronics.

“Industrial Internet Platform White Paper (2017),” Alliance of the Industrial Internet, November 30, 2017.37

SYSWARE shows another form of Industrial Internet platformization: industrial knowledge converted into reusable software capability for high-end equipment manufacturing in the defense industry.

The Alliance of the Industrial Internet’s 2017 Industrial Internet Platform White Paper included the SYSWARE Industrial Internet Platform as a different kind of platform case. SYSWARE was not presented as a broad cloud-manufacturing ecosystem like CASICloud, or as a sectoral shipbuilding coordination platform like CSSC’s Smart-IC. Its significance lay elsewhere: in knowledge automation, engineering middleware, industrial app development, and the softwarization of industrial technologies across design, manufacturing, testing, and support.38

The Sysware Technology Company’s own description makes that role clearer. The company describes itself as a pioneer in the “softwarization of industrial technology” and a leader in “knowledge-based automation,” supporting advanced manufacturing and innovative design through Industrial Internet platforms, Industrial Android systems,39 and industrial app development and operation. It says its work helps manufacturing enterprises develop Industrial Internet apps that embed common, universal, and specialized industrial technology, know-how, and experience.40

The defense industry connection is explicit in SYSWARE’s own description. SYSWARE states that it has focused over the past decade on the softwarization of industrial technology for the national defense industries. These have included the aviation, aerospace, shipbuilding, ordnance, electronics, and nuclear industries, while it also supported complex product design, manufacturing, and management for automobiles, heavy machinery, and power equipment.41

A later 2024 SYSWARE notice filled out the description. As a “specialized and sophisticated” national-level “Little Giant” enterprise and a “Key Software Enterprise Encouraged by the State,” SYSWARE consistently serves high-end equipment manufacturers in the national defense industries including the aviation, aerospace, ordnance, nuclear, shipbuilding, and electronics industries — playing a pivotal role in multiple major national projects.42

That makes SYSWARE important to this article. Industrial Internet platforms are not only about connecting machines, production lines, or supply chains. They are also about structuring industrial knowledge, embedding models and methods into software, and making specialized technical capabilities reusable across projects and organizations. In SYSWARE’s case, the platform logic appears as knowledge automation and high-end industrial software serving defense industries.

10. NORINCO: Ordnance AI + Industrial Internet for Production Safety

Production safety for national defense industry weapons and equipment is vital to national security and development. Norinco Group has continuously invested in accelerating the development of the Industrial Internet and intelligentized supervision of safe production… By implementing its “Digital Ordnance” strategy, Norinco Group facilitates the digitalized transformation and upgrading of enterprises, while accelerating the construction of an Advanced Ordnance Industry System with Chinese Characteristics.

“Alliance of the Industrial Internet Members in Action | NORINCO: Ordnance AI + Industrial Internet Platform Facilitating Digitalized Transformation and Upgrading of Enterprises,” Alliance of the Industrial Internet, May 29, 2020.43

NORINCO shows a different defense-relevant platform: the Industrial Internet as a system for monitoring production risk, integrating safety data, and supporting intelligent control inside high-risk defense industry environments.

A May 2020 Alliance of the Industrial Internet article on Norinco Group’s “Ordnance AI + Industrial Internet Platform” presents a different kind of case. Unlike CASICloud’s broad manufacturing-marketplace model, this case focused on safe production monitoring, early warning, and AI-enabled industrial management.44

The article described the platform as built around the “Wuzhou Artificial Intelligence Innovation Center” and characterized by “Military-Civil Deep Fusion.”45 It applied the Internet of Things, big data, artificial intelligence, and other emerging technologies to support safe production across group enterprises and research institutes.46

The case shows how Industrial Internet platforms could enter defense-relevant production through safety, supervision, and data. The platform brought together industrial control systems, safety systems, video surveillance, manufacturing execution systems, and other data sources. It connected core safety parameters and generated model data for further industrial big-data analysis.

This is platform-based Military-Civil Fusion in another form. The platform was not matching supply and demand across an open marketplace. It was organizing safety data, production risk, and intelligent monitoring inside high-risk defense industry production environments.

A September 2024 news report points in the same direction. The Beijing Hengxin Lufeng Technology Development Company, a subsidiary of the China Academy of Ordnance Science, discussed Industrial Internet terminal-security applications for defense industry digital-intelligent manufacturing, including Internet-of-Things terminal security, trusted terminals, unmanned-equipment-related security, and production-environment safety early warning.47

That later evidence does not belong to the early “Hundred Schools” phase, but it shows where the same platform logic was heading. Once defense industry production environments become connected, endpoint security, data security, trusted systems, and intelligent safety monitoring become part of the Industrial Internet problem set.

11. China Industrial Cloud Network: Supply-Chain Data for Military-Civil Matching

Hangxin Jiahe is a leading domestic supplier of management software and services and serves as the principal operator of the China Industrial Cloud Network — a Military-Civil Fusion Collaborative Innovation Platform. The company’s founding team hails from the aerospace sector, IBM, and Sohu…

“Military-Civil Fusion Industrial-Chain Big Data Platform — China Industrial Cloud Network,” Changfeng Alliance, April 30, 2020.48

China Industrial Cloud Network shows Military-Civil Fusion becoming a supply-chain data problem: who has the products, capabilities, qualifications, standards, patents, research achievements, and production capacity needed to match civilian firms with defense industry demand.

As described in the Part Three opening epigraph, the China Industrial Cloud Network shows another form of platform-based Military-Civil Fusion. Unlike CASICloud’s broad cloud-manufacturing ecosystem or NORINCO’s AI-enabled safety-production platform, China Industrial Cloud Network presents itself as a Military-Civil Fusion industrial-chain big-data platform.

Operated by Beijing Hangxin Jiahe Technology Co., Ltd., the platform combines national defense science and technology, the military-industrial supply chain, and Industrial Internet services. Its stated functions include “civilian participation in military industry” and “military-to-civilian transfer,” technical services, market consulting, project matching, qualification consulting, and other all-factor services for private firms and military-industrial enterprises. The company currently claims more than 60,000 registered enterprises across China’s major cities, more than 2,300 expert databases, and more than 500 research reports.49

The platform’s significance lies in its data function. It classifies information by military-industrial sector and aggregates product information, manufacturers, technical standards, project information, research achievements, patents, and supply-demand data. It claims to provide military-industrial departments with information on eligible producers, geographic distribution, technical parameters, successful cases, prices, and upstream and downstream suppliers.

This is platform-based Military-Civil Fusion as supply-chain visibility and matching infrastructure. It is not a public label. It is a data layer for discovering suppliers, matching demand, supporting achievement transformation, reducing information asymmetry, and coordinating industrial-chain resources.

12. What the Platform Cases Show

By expanding the scope and areas for private sector participation in defense — simultaneously breaking down barriers and opening new channels — we will drive the convergence of innovative forces and achievements from across society into the National Defense Science and Technology Industry, thereby transforming its development model from one driven by scale expansion to one driven by technological innovation.

“Advance the Optimization of the National Defense Science and Technology Industry System and Layout,” Sichuan Provincial Committee Office of the Central Commission for Military-Civil Fused Development, Study Times, September 23, 2024, Page A6 (National Defense and Military Affairs).50 51

The platform cases are not identical. That is the point: they show Military-Civil Fusion functions appearing across many different kinds of Industrial Internet systems.

CASICloud shows a major defense conglomerate converting aerospace systems-engineering experience into a broad Industrial Internet platform ecosystem. The Central SOE platform shows platform consolidation across central enterprises, including defense industry groups. CSSC shows shipbuilding moving into sectoral platform architecture. SYSWARE shows industrial knowledge and high-end software serving the national defense industry and advanced equipment manufacturing. NORINCO shows AI-enabled production safety, monitoring, and connected-environment security. China Industrial Cloud Network shows supply-chain big data and matching services for Military-Civil Fusion.

Together, these cases show that defense-relevant platformization took multiple forms at once. It appeared as cloud manufacturing, internal enterprise coordination, central-SOE consolidation, shipbuilding lifecycle architecture, industrial knowledge softwareization, production-safety monitoring, terminal security, and supply-chain data matching.

This brings the argument back to Xu Dazhe. In 2015, Xu, then director of SASTIND, described the National Defense Science and Technology Industry as a “natural carrier” of Military-Civil Fusion and one of its most important fields. The Industrial Internet evidence shows where that logic began to move. Defense industry actors were not only participating in policy forums or building isolated enterprise systems. They were appearing inside cloud-manufacturing platforms, Industrial Internet architectures, central-enterprise integration mechanisms, supply-chain data services, safety-production systems, and sectoral coordination platforms designed to connect resources, capabilities, data, applications, and organizations across industrial chains.

Some of these systems served large enterprises. Others reached small firms. Some were domestic. Others pointed outward. Some carried explicit Military-Civil Fusion language. Others did not. But taken together, they show the same movement: Military-Civil Fusion functions becoming embedded in the Industrial Internet’s platform layer.

That is what changing form looks like.

The Industrial Internet also changes how the Military-Civil Fusion Development Strategy should be analyzed. If analysts look only for the label, they will miss the architecture. If they look only for individual firms, they will miss the platforms. If they look only for procurement links or ownership ties, they will miss the data, applications, security systems, and coordination mechanisms that make industrial resources discoverable, matchable, reusable, controllable, and mobilizable across supply chains.

Part Four of this series examines the Industrial Internet as an industrial dual-use ecosystem.

I use AI tools to support my editing, research, and translation process. Learn more on my AI Transparency Page.

Footnotes

  1. “中工云网由航信佳禾投资建设，是国内领先的军民融合与工业互联领域的供应链大数据协同创新服务与成果转化平台。该平台旨在响应国家军民融合发展战略和《中国制造2025》政策，核心定位与服务亮点包括：打破信息壁垒：汇集军工行业产品、生产厂家、技术标准、科研成果及供求信息，解决民企参与国防建设的信息不对称问题。产业链大数据：按军工行业分类，为军工部门提供符合条件的生产企业、分布位置及上下游供货商等精准数据服务。成果转化与创新：致力于新航天供应链数字化建设与全要素服务，促进高校、科研院所的高水平科技成果向企业转化，推动军民两用市场的开拓。” ↩︎
  2. A “Hundred Schools of Thought Contending” is a commonly used idiom that refers to the classical philosophic schools of the Warring States period, 475–221 BC. ↩︎
  3. “站上风口的工业互联网已从概念普及阶段快速迈入百家争鸣的实践生根阶段,” see, “From Concept Popularization to a Hundred Schools of Thought Contending: The Industrial Internet in the Center of the Spotlight” (从概念普及到百家争鸣 风口上的工业互联网), Sichuan Provincial Department of Economy and Information Technology (四川省经济和信息化厅), April 10, 2020. ↩︎
  4. “即使有了基本的技术支撑条件，但要满足工业互联网的要求，还有很多优化工作需要做，特别是要将信息技术（IT）与工业的技术（OT）融合。” See, Wu Hequan (邬贺铨), Former Vice President and Academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering (中国工程院原副院长、院士), “Understanding the Industrial Internet” (认识工业互联网), People’s Weekly (人民周刊), May 22, 2019. ↩︎
  5. “Industrial Internet Platform White Paper (2017)” (工业互联网平台白皮书 2017年), Alliance of the Industrial Internet (工业互联网产业联盟), November 30, 2017. ↩︎
  6. “作为全国首个工业互联网平台，航天云网目前覆盖用户达百万家，但这相较全国数千万级的企业总数而言，仍只是冰山一角。” See, “From Concept Popularization to a Hundred Schools of Thought Contending: The Industrial Internet in the Center of the Spotlight” (从概念普及到百家争鸣 风口上的工业互联网), Sichuan Provincial Department of Economy and Information Technology (四川省经济和信息化厅), April 10, 2020. ↩︎
  7. See, for example, “From Concept Popularization to a Hundred Schools of Thought Contending: The Industrial Internet in the Center of the Spotlight” (从概念普及到百家争鸣 风口上的工业互联网), Sichuan Provincial Department of Economy and Information Technology (四川省经济和信息化厅), April 10, 2020. ↩︎
  8. Li Lei (李蕾) and Gu Chenguang (古晨光),  “CASICloud: The Innovative Exploration of China’s Industrial Internet Pioneer” (航天云网：中国工业互联网先行者的创新探索), Tsinghua Management Review, November 2024 (published online March 5, 2025). ↩︎
  9. Li Lei (李蕾) and Gu Chenguang (古晨光),  “CASICloud: The Innovative Exploration of China’s Industrial Internet Pioneer” (航天云网：中国工业互联网先行者的创新探索), Tsinghua Management Review, November 2024 (published online March 5, 2025). ↩︎
  10. SaaS, PaaS, IaaS, and DaaS are cloud service models referenced in the CASICloud platform description: Software as a Service, Platform as a Service, Infrastructure as a Service, and Data as a Service. DaaS can also mean Desktop as a Service in other contexts, but Data as a Service appears more likely in this Industrial Internet setting. ↩︎
  11. “CASIC Launches INDICS, China’s First Industrial Internet Cloud Platform” (航天科工发布中国首个工业互联网云平台INDICS), China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation via SASTIND, June 16, 2017. ↩︎
  12. Zhao Lei, “Chinese industrial internet site has almost 1.7m global users,” China Daily, June 17, 2018. ↩︎
  13. “CASICloud 5th Anniversary | Seizing the Forefront of the Era, Leading Industry Development, and Deeply Cultivating the Industrial Internet,” (航天云网五周年 | 抢占时代前沿 引领行业发展 深耕工业互联网), China Space News (中国航天报), June 14, 2020. ↩︎
  14. See, “中央企业工业互联网融通平台致力于集聚中央企业工业互联网资源，旨在构建工业互联网融通发展生态体系。建成后，这一新平台将具有“跨要素、跨领域、跨行业、跨区域、跨平台”的综合能力，努力为提升国资监管水平、促进中央企业资源共享和产业链生态建设提供支撑。” See, “2019 World Industrial Internet Conference Launches Central Enterprise Industrial Internet Convergence Platform” (2019世界工业互联网大会启动中央企业工业互联网融通平台), China Daily (中国日报), June 16, 2019. ↩︎
  15. “工业互联网作为新型基础设施，承载工业经济运行的关键职能，已成为国家战略资源,” see, “AII Members in Action | CASICloud: Accelerating Industrial Internet Investment and Construction as New Type Infrastructure to Drive Development of the Manufacturing Sector” (AII成员在行动 | 航天云网：加快工业互联网为新型基础设施投资建设，助推制造业赋能发展), Alliance of the Industrial Internet, May 12, 2020. ↩︎
  16. “航天云网具有研制生产全系统、全生命周期、全产业链和跨行业、跨领域、跨地域的“三全”、“三跨”显著优势,” see, “AII Members in Action | CASICloud: Accelerating Industrial Internet Investment and Construction as New Type Infrastructure to Drive Development of the Manufacturing Sector” (AII成员在行动 | 航天云网：加快工业互联网为新型基础设施投资建设，助推制造业赋能发展), Alliance of the Industrial Internet, May 12, 2020.  ↩︎
  17. “航天云网始终秉承“国家利益高于一切”使命与责任，打造具有自主知识产权的安全可控航天云网（INDICS+CMSS）工业互联网平台，全面支撑服务国家战略，维护国家制造业主权。” See, “AII Members in Action | CASICloud: Accelerating Industrial Internet Investment and Construction as New Type Infrastructure to Drive Development of the Manufacturing Sector” (AII成员在行动 | 航天云网：加快工业互联网为新型基础设施投资建设，助推制造业赋能发展), Alliance of the Industrial Internet, May 12, 2020. ↩︎
  18. “Cloud Platform of CASICloud,” China Daily, July 30, 2019. ↩︎
  19. “航天云网在航天科工集团国密网、商密网中，搭建内部专有版INDICS平台,” see “AII Members in Action | CASICloud: Accelerating Industrial Internet Investment and Construction as New Type Infrastructure to Drive Development of the Manufacturing Sector” (AII成员在行动 | 航天云网：加快工业互联网为新型基础设施投资建设，助推制造业赋能发展), Alliance of the Industrial Internet, May 12, 2020. ↩︎
  20. “协同共享制造平台覆盖航天科工600余家单位，遍布全国30多个省市，活跃用户数超过50000；累计发布31大类2600余项专业能力，登记可共享租用设备设施超过2万台，在线接入设备资源5500余台（套），共享知识产权、标准、专业文献等知识资源83.1TB、软件资源36项；累计发布制造资源/能力需求1497.8亿元，成交646.8亿元；初步构建航天科工内部产业协同生态，资源利用率提高40%，提供跨研究院协同设计、跨单位协同生产服务，生产效率提高30%。” See, “AII Members in Action | CASICloud: Accelerating Industrial Internet Investment and Construction as New Type Infrastructure to Drive Development of the Manufacturing Sector” (AII成员在行动 | 航天云网：加快工业互联网为新型基础设施投资建设，助推制造业赋能发展), Alliance of the Industrial Internet, May 12, 2020. ↩︎
  21. “航天云网… 与国防科工局合作打造战时状态下的联动保护系统，如果再遇类似情况，要能做到提前预判，快速组织生产。” See, “CASICloud Fifth Anniversary | Seize the Forefront of the Era, Lead Industry Development, Deeply Cultivate the Industrial Internet” (航天云网五周年 | 抢占时代前沿 引领行业发展 深耕工业互联网), China Space News (中国航天报), June 14, 2020. ↩︎
  22. David Dorman, “Xi Jinping Leverages Coronavirus “War Without Smoke” to Spur Digital Transformation, Test National Defense Mobilization,” Security Nexus, April 27, 2020. ↩︎
  23. “CASICloud Fifth Anniversary | Seize the Forefront of the Era, Lead Industry Development, Deeply Cultivate the Industrial Internet” (航天云网五周年 | 抢占时代前沿 引领行业发展 深耕工业互联网), China Space News (中国航天报), June 14, 2020. ↩︎
  24. “中央企业工业互联网融通平台致力于集聚中央企业工业互联网资源，旨在构建工业互联网融通发展生态体系。建成后，这一新平台将具有“跨要素、跨领域、跨行业、跨区域、跨平台”的综合能力，努力为提升国资监管水平、促进中央企业资源共享和产业链生态建设提供支撑。” See, “2019 World Industrial Internet Conference Launches Central Enterprise Industrial Internet Convergence Platform” (2019世界工业互联网大会启动中央企业工业互联网融通平台), China Daily (中国日报), June 16, 2019. ↩︎
  25. Deng Xiaoci, “Industrial Internet platform for SOEs unveiled,” Global Times, June 15, 2019. ↩︎
  26. Wang Jinwang, “How many steps does it take to transfer the digitized capabilities of national-level aerospace equipment to the manufacturing industry?” (将国家级航天装备数字化能力搬到制造业，需要几步？), Leiphone (雷锋), October 08, 2019. ↩︎
  27. Deng Xiaoci, “Industrial Internet platform for SOEs unveiled,” Global Times, June 15, 2019. ↩︎
  28. See, for instance, “CASICloud Fifth Anniversary | Seize the Forefront of the Era, Lead Industry Development, Deeply Cultivate the Industrial Internet” (航天云网五周年 | 抢占时代前沿 引领行业发展 深耕工业互联网), China Space News (中国航天报), June 14, 2020. The launch ceremony photograph appears in the article. ↩︎
  29. China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation CASIC; China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation CASC; China State Shipbuilding Corporation CSSC; China Electronics Technology Group Corporation CETC; Aero Engine Corporation of China AECC; China Electronics Corporation CEC; China National Petroleum Corporation CNPC; China Petrochemical Corporation Sinopec; China National Offshore Oil Corporation CNOOC; State Grid Corporation of China; China Southern Power Grid; China Huaneng Group; State Power Investment Corporation; China Three Gorges Corporation; China Energy Investment Corporation; China Telecom; China Unicom; China First Automobile Group; China First Heavy Industries; China Baowu Steel Group; China Minmetals; China State Construction Engineering Corporation; China Resources; Sinosteel; China XD Group; China Academy of Machinery Science and Technology Group; China National Chemical Corporation ChemChina; and China National Gold Group (China Gold). See, Wang Jinwang, “How many steps does it take to transfer the digitized capabilities of national-level aerospace equipment to the manufacturing industry?” (将国家级航天装备数字化能力搬到制造业，需要几步？), Leiphone (雷锋), October 08, 2019. ↩︎
  30. “…平台定位为央企工业互联网“平台上的平台”、聚合央企的超级市场、大中小企业融通发展的赋能平台，以“资源融通、应用融通、数据融通”三融通为手段，建设“跨要素、跨行业、跨领域、跨区域、跨平台”五跨平台…” See, “AII Members in Action | CASICloud: Accelerating Industrial Internet Investment and Construction as New Type Infrastructure to Drive Development of the Manufacturing Sector” (AII成员在行动 | 航天云网：加快工业互联网为新型基础设施投资建设，助推制造业赋能发展), Alliance of the Industrial Internet, May 12, 2020. ↩︎
  31. “中船黄埔文冲公司（以下简称“黄埔文冲”）等船企通过应用工业互联网打造船舶行业产业链协同优化等典型场景，实现了船东、船级社、设计院、船厂、配套厂等产业链主体在生产计划、制造进度、资源能力、物流配套、质量控制等方面的实时共享与协作，助力面向跨地域、跨企业的研发设计、生产制造并行实施。” See, “Industrial Internet System Architecture (Version 2.0)” (工业互联网体系架构 版本2.0), Alliance of the Industrial Internet (工业互联网产业联盟), April 2020. ↩︎
  32. “船舶工业智能运营平台.” “Industrial Internet Platform White Paper (2017),” (工业互联网平台白皮书 2017), Alliance of the Industrial Internet (工业互联网产业联盟), November 30, 2017. ↩︎
  33. At the application layer, the diagram also describes platform support to R&D design collaboration, industrial-chain collaboration, manufacturing collaboration, operation and maintenance collaboration, knowledge trading, cloud CAx (computer-aided technologies such as design, engineering, and manufacturing), cloud ERP (enterprise resource planning), cloud PLM (product lifecycle management), cloud PDM (product data management), and cloud MES (manufacturing execution systems). ↩︎
  34. “Industrial Internet System Architecture (Version 2.0)” (工业互联网体系架构 版本2.0), Alliance of the Industrial Internet (工业互联网产业联盟), April 2020. ↩︎
  35. “The industry collaboration platform is deployed at the industry layer, enabling sharing and collaboration among different shipyards, main engine manufacturers, suppliers, and research institutions, becoming a “platform of platforms.” (产业协同平台部署在产业层，在不同船厂、主机厂、供应商和科研院所间实现共享协同，成为“平台的平台”。) See, “Industrial Internet System Architecture (Version 2.0)” (工业互联网体系架构 版本2.0), Alliance of the Industrial Internet (工业互联网产业联盟), April 2020. ↩︎
  36. “Research Report on the Investment Environment of Huangpu District, Guangzhou,” Deloitte, 2020. ↩︎
  37. “工业知识正基于平台快速积累并实现高效传播与复用通过数据积累、算法优化、模型迭代，工业互联网平台中将形成覆盖众多领域的各类知识库、工具库和模型库，实现旧知识的不断复用和新知识的持续产生。借助这种方式，传统分散于不同企业、不同系统、不同个体的工业经验将能够获得有效沉淀和汇聚起来，并通过平台功能的开放和调用被更多企业共享。例如，索为SYSWARE 平台通过打造统一的工程中间件，实现对各类知识经验、工业机理、算法模型的集成，目前已在航空、航天、船舶、兵器、核工业、电子等行业构建工业知识库上百个，知识条目500万以上。” See, “Industrial Internet Platform White Paper (2017),” (工业互联网平台白皮书 2017), Alliance of the Industrial Internet (工业互联网产业联盟), November 30, 2017. ↩︎
  38. “Industrial Internet Platform White Paper (2017),” (工业互联网平台白皮书 2017), Alliance of the Industrial Internet (工业互联网产业联盟), November 30, 2017. ↩︎
  39. “Industrial Android systems” was described in English as follows: “SYSWARE Technology Co., LTD is a pioneer in softwarization of industrial technologies and leader of knowledge-based automation, empowering advanced manufacturing and innovative design of leading manufacturing enterprises in China with development, operation and service in industrial Internet platforms, Industrial Android systems and App development & operation.” See, “About SYSWARE,” SYSWARE Technology Company, Accessed June 9, 2026. ↩︎
  40. “About SYSWARE,” SYSWARE Technology Company, Accessed June 9, 2026. ↩︎
  41. “About SYSWARE,” SYSWARE Technology Company, Accessed June 9, 2026. ↩︎
  42. “作为国家级专精特新“小巨人”企业和“国家鼓励的重点软件企业”，索为公司在工业技术软件化领域深耕17年，持续服务于以航空、航天、兵器、核工业、船舶、电子为代表的国防军工高端装备制造业，在多个国家重大型号中发挥了重要作用，取得显著成效。” See, “A Powerhouse! SYSWARE Selected as a “Key Support Unit for 2023 in the Cyber Security and Informatization Domain” and Featured in the “2023 Collection of High-End Industrial Software Practice Cases” for Defense Industry”  (实力派！索为公司入选军工行业“2023年网信领域重点支撑单位” 、“2023年高端工业软件实践案例集”), SYSWARE (索为), January 8, 2024. ↩︎
  43. “国防军工武器装备的生产安全，关乎国家的安全发展，中国兵器工业集团在推动工业互联网加快发展以及安全生产智能化监管方面持续不断投入，产出了丰硕的科研成果，亦总结了宝贵的经验教训，中国兵器工业集团通过部署实施“数字兵器”战略，助力企业数字化转型升级，加快推进中国特色先进兵器工业体系建设。” See, “Alliance of the Industrial Internet Members in Action | NORINCO: Ordnance AI + Industrial Internet Platform Facilitating Digitalized Transformation and Upgrading of Enterprises” (AII成员在行动 | 中国兵器：兵器AI+工业互联网平台，助力企业数字化转型升级), Alliance of the Industrial Internet (工业互联网产业联盟), May 29, 2020. ↩︎
  44. “兵器AI+工业互联网平台,” see, “Alliance of the Industrial Internet Members in Action | NORINCO: Ordnance AI + Industrial Internet Platform Facilitating Digitalized Transformation and Upgrading of Enterprises” (AII成员在行动 | 中国兵器：兵器AI+工业互联网平台，助力企业数字化转型升级), Alliance of the Industrial Internet (工业互联网产业联盟), May 29, 2020. ↩︎
  45. “五洲人工智能创新中心” and “平台以军民深度融合为特色,” see, “Alliance of the Industrial Internet Members in Action | NORINCO: Ordnance AI + Industrial Internet Platform Facilitating Digitalized Transformation and Upgrading of Enterprises” (AII成员在行动 | 中国兵器：兵器AI+工业互联网平台，助力企业数字化转型升级), Alliance of the Industrial Internet (工业互联网产业联盟), May 29, 2020. ↩︎
  46. “Alliance of the Industrial Internet Members in Action | NORINCO: Ordnance AI + Industrial Internet Platform Facilitating Digitalized Transformation and Upgrading of Enterprises” (AII成员在行动 | 中国兵器：兵器AI+工业互联网平台，助力企业数字化转型升级), Alliance of the Industrial Internet (工业互联网产业联盟), May 29, 2020. ↩︎
  47. Beijing Hengxin Lufeng Technology Development Company (中国兵器科学研究院下属单位北京恒信陆峰科技发展有限公司), see “China Academy of Ordnance Science Signs Letter of Intent for Strategic Cooperation on Industrial Internet Endpoint Security Applications for the Defense Industry Sector” (中国兵器科学研究院达成军工领域工业互联网终端安全应用战略合作意向), Chinese Headlines Shaanxi (华人头条-陕西), September 6, 2024. ↩︎
  48. “航信佳禾是国内领先的管理软件和服务提供商，是军民融合协同创新平台——中工云网的主体。公司创始团队成员来自航天、IBM和搜狐等公司…,” See, “Military-Civil Fusion Industrial-Chain Big Data Platform — China Industrial Cloud Network” (军民融合产业链大数据平台——中工云网), Changfeng Alliance (长风联盟), April 30, 2020. ↩︎
  49. “About Us-China Industrial Cloud Network” (关于我们-中工云网), Commercial Space Industry Alliance (中关村领创商业航天产业发展联盟), Accessed June 1, 2026. ↩︎
  50. “扩大“民参军”领域和范围，把“破壁垒”和“开窗户”并举，推动全社会创新力量和成果向国防科技工业聚集，实现国防科技工业发展由规模扩张型向科技创新型转变。” See, “Advance the Optimization of the National Defense Science and Technology Industry System and Layout” ( 推进国防科技工业体系和布局优化), Sichuan Provincial Committee Office of the Central Commission for Military-Civil Fused Development (中共四川省委军民融合发展委员会办公室), Study Times (学习时报), September 23, 2024, Page A6. ↩︎
  51. Notably, the BaiduWiki highlights that as a “working organ of the Sichuan Provincial Committee of the Chinese Communist Party,” the Sichuan office also carries the “external nameplate” of the Sichuan Province National Defense Science and Technology Industry Office. Office of the Sichuan Provincial Committee for Integration of Military and Civilian Development,” BaiduWiki, accessed June 14, 2026. ↩︎