This is my timeline tracing the historical milestones of China’s three elite digital strategies—Digital China, Cyber Great Power, and Smart Society—with an overall focus on the evolution of Digital China. The list follows the Party’s historical narrative on strategy development and is cataloged chronologically and primarily at the national level. It is representative and not exhaustive.
The evolution of Digital China spans more than two decades. Like other national-level developmental strategies, Digital China has evolved through a continuous cycle of design, implementation, evaluation, revision, and integration. This process reflects countless Party decisions, objectives, missions, projects, and priority areas refined over months, years, and now decades.
National policy leads the way but the same dynamic also unfolds across China’s administrative system. This is where provinces and municipalities compete to show initiative in following central directives. Despite its importance, most subnational activity is not included here due to space and time constraints. Unfortunately, the same is true for events more closely associated with the Cyber Great Power and Smart Society strategies.
| Milestone | Driver | Why It Matters |
|---|---|---|
| 2025.06.05 Shipbuilding Industry Advances Military-Civil Fusion via the Industrial Internet | On June 5, 2025, MIIT released the Reference Guide on the Fused Application of the Industrial Internet in the Shipbuilding Industry (工业互联网与船舶行业融合应用参考指南). | MCF and the Industrial Internet: Beijing began working to improve military-civil fusion in its science and technology systems through the Industrial Internet as early as 2015. The shipbuilding industry was specifically identified as an industry of interest as early as June 2018. Launching fused application of the Industrial Internet across the shipbuilding industry in June 2025 is the first publicly announced implementation of the goal in a dual-use (civilian-defense) industrial sector. |
| 2025.03.12 DeepSeek AI Model Enters Digital China’s System-Level Political-Administrative Architecture | A DeepSeek training session was held in northern Xinjiang Autonomous Region to implement the national Digital China strategy and related work plans issued by the regional and prefectural Party committees. | DeepSeek in Local Government: DeepSeek is quickly becoming part of China’s political-administrative machinery, integrated into Digital China‘s system-level architecture down to the grassroots level. |
| 2024.12.30: NDA Officially Defines Smart Cities as the Conceptual Path from Digital China to Smart Society | NDA Expert Group for Drafting Definitions of Terms in the Data Domain (数据领域名词解释起草专家组) formally defined Whole-of-City Digitalized (All Domain) Transformation ( 城市全域数字化转型) as a new concept (新理念) designed to unify China’s emerging data governance regime. | Whole-of-City Elevation: Whole-of-City Digitalized Transformation positions Smart Cities, not individual industries or technologies, as the conceptual bridge between the informatized infrastructure of today’s Digital China and the systemic, intelligentized ecosystem envisioned in tomorrow’s Smart Society. |
| 2024.07.03 Green Computing Power Elevated to Core Digital China Political-Economic Issue | NDA Director Liu Liehong conducted a special tutorial on Accelerating the Development of New Quality Productive Forces Led by Green Computing Power at an expanded study session of the Qinghai Provincial Party Committee’s Theoretical Study Center Group. | Green Compute: Senior Party study sessions like this highlight that green computing power, including the coordinated development of green electric power and green computing power, is now being treated as a core political-economic issue, not merely an infrastructure or energy policy matter. |
| 2024.06.27: China and Singapore Hold Formal Dialogue to Align National Digital Strategies | Beijing hosted the inaugural Singapore-China Digital Policy Dialogue, a forum created by General Secretary Xi Jinping and Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong specifically “to identify potential synergies” between Digital China and Singapore’s Smart Nation. | International Cooperation: This dialogue is one of the earliest, and perhaps the first, formal bilateral policy mechanisms overseen directly by the NDA, the institution that manages the Digital China strategy, and following Digital China‘s elevation to a global strategy in February 2023. |
| 2023.03.16: Digital China is Assigned a Dedicated Bureaucracy for Strategy Implementation | The Central Committee and State Council published the “Plan for the Reform of Party and State Institutions” (中共中央 国务院印发《党和国家机构改革方案), including Section 14 (Establish an NDA). | Dedicated Bureaucracy: The NDA was established as a central government body to oversee national data governance and implement the Digital China strategy. This marks the transition of Digital China from a guiding national strategy into a permanently institutionalized governance system. |
| 2023.02.27 Digital China is Elevated to a Global Strategy | The Central Committee and State Council published the Plan for the Global Layout of Digital China Construction (数字中国建设整体布局规划), which formally adds the “International Environment” to Digital China’s top-level design. | Global Strategy: The new Digital China Plan frames digitalization as the foundation for a global development model and Chinese Style Modernization as a global competitor to Western (capitalist) models of development. |
| 2023.02.27 Digital China Adopts Whole-of-Nation Innovation System to Mobilize Private Sector | The Central Committee and State Council published the Plan for the Global Layout of Digital China Construction (数字中国建设整体布局规划), which creates a new innovation ecosystem for digital technology that deems the private sector essential. | Private Sector: The Digital Technology Innovation System replaces one of the original “means” of Digital China: the Information and Communications Technology Ecosystem. The new system seeks to mobilize the private sector to address technology bottlenecks in strategic sectors and abolishes the former focus on state-led means. |
| 2018.06.08 MIIT Seeks Enhanced Military-Civil Fusion via the Industrial Internet | MIIT released the inaugural 2018 Work Plan for the Industrial Internet Special Working Group. Group membership includes SASTIND, with an explicit link to shipbuilding. SASTIND is linked to China’s Military-Civil Fusion strategy and funds academic and commercial research in support of PLA requirements. | MCF and the Industrial Internet: China’s leaders have pursued better integration across its science and technology “systems,” military and civil, since the 1950s. A fused Industrial Internet across civilian and defense sectors would represent a historic milestone in achieving that goal. |
| 2017.11.27 State Council Elevates the Industrial Internet to a Primary Pillar of National Industrial Policy. | State Council released the Guiding Opinion on Deepening “Internet Plus Advanced Manufacturing” and Developing the Industrial Internet (国务院关于深化“互联网+先进制造业” 发展工业互联网的指导意见) | Industrial Internet: This document represents the early transition from the 2015 “Internet Plus” era to the 2020 “New Type Infrastructure” era. It is the bridge where the Party realized that simply “adding the Internet” wasn’t enough. Fused applications like the Industrial Internet were needed for digitalized transformation of the industrial base. |
| 2016.07.27: Digital China Tagged as Top Priority of National Informatization | The General Offices of the Central Committee and State Council published the Outline of the National Informatization Development Strategy (中共中央办公厅 国务院办公厅印发国家信息化发展战略纲要) on July 27, 2016, explicitly designating Digital China as a top priority. | National Informatization: The Central Government formally linked Xi Jinping’s vision for Digital China to the Party’s ongoing National Informatization efforts. This marked the beginning of a deliberate narrative transition in which Digital China would eventually subsume National Informatization rather than merely support it. |
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